How are elk and moose likely infected with the suspected nematode leading to neurologic disease?

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Elk and moose are likely infected with the suspected nematode leading to neurologic disease primarily through the ingestion of intermediate hosts such as snails or slugs that are infected with third-stage larvae (L3). This occurs because certain nematodes have complex life cycles that involve intermediate hosts, wherein the parasite develops into an infective larval stage within the tissues of these hosts. When elk or moose consume snails or slugs, they inadvertently ingest the nematode larvae, which can then develop into mature worms and lead to infection.

This transmission route is critical because it highlights the ecological relationship between the nematode, its intermediate hosts, and the definitive hosts (elk and moose). Understanding this cycle is essential in studying and preventing the spread of the disease.

Other transmission methods listed, such as contact with infected surfaces or airborne transmission, do not play a significant role in the lifecycle of this nematode and are not applicable in this context. Additionally, consumption of infected plant material is not relevant, as nematodes do not typically reside within plant tissues that would be consumed by elk and moose. Therefore, the most accurate and biologically relevant method of infection in this scenario is through ingestion of snails or slugs

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